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Die Beziehungen des Felibrige zu den Trobadors
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In 1209 Simon of Montfort led a war against the Cathars of Languedoc after Pope Innocent III preached a crusade condemning them as heretics. The suppression of heresy became a pretext for a vicious war that remains largely unstudied as a military conflict. Laurence Marvin here examines the Albigensian Crusade as military and political history rather than religious history, and traces these dimensions of the conflict through to Montfort’s death in 1218. He shows how Montfort experienced military success in spite of a hostile populace, impossible military targets, armies that dissolved every forty days, and a pope who often failed to support the crusade morally or financially. He also discusses the supposed brutality of the war, why the inhabitants were for so long unsuccessful at defending themselves against it, and its impact on Occitania. This original account will appeal to scholars of medieval France, the Crusades, and medieval military history.
LAURENCE W. MARVIN is Associate Professor of History at the Evans School of Humanities, Berry College, Georgia.
Er Estatut d’Autonomia hè oficiau era lengua occitana en Catalonha. Se concrète en Art 6.5.: Era lengua occitana, nomentada aranés en Aran, ei era lengua pròpria d’aguest territòri e ei oficiau en Catalonha, cossent damb çò qu’establissen aguest Estatut e es leis de normalizacion lingüistica. Ua des responsabilitat qu’a d’assumir era institucion, ei a dí- der era Generalitat e eth Conselh Generau d’Aran, en procès de metuda era practica dera oficialitat dera lengua occitana, ei era sua referéncia lingüistica. Ua lengua a de besonh uns referents clars entà mostrar ua coeréncia normatiua.
S’era lengua ei ua, era occitana, ua a d’èster era nòrma de referéncia maugrat que pòden èster diuèrses es interpretacions e aplicacions.
Era aplicacion der Estatut hè de besonh era contínua relacion damb aguesta nòrma referent e damb era sua forma l’aplicacion. En cas der aranés aguesta nòrma occitana se concrète enes Nòrmes ortografiques der aranés que ja an mès de vint-e-cinc ans d’emplec sociau (escòla, administracion, …).
Es elements fonamentaus d’aguesta nòrma referent son longaments acceptats en tot eth territòri lingüistic, mès mos cau concretar e èster eth maxim de rigorosi, donques qu’era sua gestion non ei tostemp clara e evidenta. Sense aguest rigor es decisions non serien competentes e serioses. Ei plan per açò que, per manca d’ua autoritat normatiua de tot eth territòri lingüistic, era Secretaria de Politica Lingüistica s’a dotat der assessorament d’un Grop de Lingüistica Occitana (GLO) format per setze persones prestigioses en estudi dera lengua occitana, qu’amasse fòrça des sen- sibilitats existentes. Entre es compausants deth Grop i a tres membres der Institut d’Estudis Aranesi que garantissen eth respècte per aguesta varietat.
Mès, eth GLO non ei era autoritat, non cree nòrma, sonque l’ administre e assessore ara SPL ena sua aplicacion. Trabalhe ena perspectiva dera unitat lingüistica, e eth respècte dera varietat aranesa, sense hèr nòrma.
Ath torn der ahèr aranés-occitan s’a produsit un debat, en fòrça escadences rei- teratiu, sus er ensemblatge dera varietat aranesa e dera sua nòrma damb era varietat generau (hugim de denominacions coma estandard o referenciaus entà non entrar en competéncies pròpries dera autoritat lingüistica). Aguesta varietat generau a estat denominada d’ues autes formes per diuèrsi autors: occitan larg, occitan comun, neolanguedocian, occitan ortopedic, occitan referenciau,…
Eth trabalh que ven a contunhacion ei ua contribucion ad aguest debat. Es sòns autors son professionaus dera lengua, boni coneishedors dera varietat aranesa e dera varietat generau dera lengua occitana. Damb eri eth debat non s’acabe, ne s’inície, sonque se contunhe.
Some of medieval culture’s most arresting images and stories inextricably associate love and death. Thus the troubadour Jaufre Rudel dies in the arms of the countess of Tripoli, having loved her from afar without ever having seen her. Or in Marie de France’s Chevrefoil, Tristan and Iseult’s fatal love is hauntingly symbolized by the fatally entwined honeysuckle and hazel. And who could forget the ethereal spectacle of the Damoisele of Escalot’s body carried to Camelot on a supernatural funerary boat with a letter on her breast explaining how her unrequited love for Lancelot killed her? Medieval literature is fascinated with the idea that love may be a fatal affliction. Indeed, it is frequently suggested that true love requires sacrifice, that you must be ready to die for, from, and in love. Love, in other words, is represented, sometimes explicitly, as a form of martyrdom, a notion that is repeatedly reinforced by courtly literature’s borrowing of religious vocabulary and imagery. The paradigm of the martyr to love has of course remained compelling in the early modern and modern period.
This book seeks to explore what is at stake in medieval literature’s preoccupation with love’s martyrdom. Informed by modern theoretical approaches, particularly Lacanian psychoanalysis and Jacques Derrida’s work on ethics, it offers new readings of a wide range of French and Occitan courtly texts from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, and argues that a new secular ethics of desire emerges from courtly literature because of its fascination with death. This book also examines the interplay between lyric and romance in courtly literary culture and shows how courtly literature’s predilection for sacrificial desire imposes a repressive sex-gender system that may then be subverted by fictional women and queers who either fail to die on cue, or who die in troublesome and disruptive ways.
Joseph Anglade siguec professor ena Universitat de Tolosa.
L’idée du présent travail date de plus de vingt-cinq ans..
This book offers a general introduction to the world of the troubadours. Its sixteen chapters, newly commissioned from leading scholars in Britain, the United States, France, Italy and Spain, trace the development of troubadour song (including music), engage with the main trends in troubadour scholarship, and examine the reception of troubadour poetry in manuscripts and in Northern French romance. A series of appendices offer an invaluable guide to more than fifty troubadours, to technical vocabulary, to research tools and to surviving manuscripts.
Es nòms que designes es lòcs d’un territòri an ua foncion tecnica e culturau ath madesih temps. Tecnica perqué les referéncien geograficament, e culturau perqué veïculen ifnromacion sus era cultura, era lengua o es costums d’aqueri que les meteren eth nòm. En aguest sens, era toponímia aranesa ei un patrimòni collectiu que cau sauvagardar com a par der auviatge lingüistic e culturau dera Val d’Aran.
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